Recent trends in the detection of freshwater cyanotoxins with a critical note on their occurrence in Asia

Cyanobacteria are highly prevalent in slow-moving and nutrient-rich water bodies due to changing climatic conditions, eutrophication, anthropogenic activities. Toxins of cyanobacterial blooms, i.e., cyanotoxins also increasing at alarming rates freshwater. Several efforts being taken detect using molecular analytical techniques understand their occurrence distribution, however, these studies discrete localized. The detection within is a long-established challenge. In this article, conventional methods the recently used nanostructure based immuno-sensors described. considered where aptamers utilised as biorecognition probe we have discussed use colorimetric, electrochemical optical sensors for cyanotoxins. Furthermore, article reviews current field deployable diagnostics real-time monitoring Future work on fundamental studies, development specific recognising different congeners integration into portable or lab-on-a-chip devices could be interesting useful research. Moreover, several related distribution freshwater Asia reviewed, with potential threats identified. This adds note geographical Asia. Thus, provided an overview various evolving systems that employed identified problematic underdeveloped regions improve management strategies monitor control